CLass 6  HISTORY

CLASS 6 CHEMISTRY

Lesson 1: Introduction to Chemistry

Fill in the blanks.

1.    Alchemists          2. Antoine Lavoisier    3. Modern Atomic Theory   4. Insecticide         

5. Processed food.       6. Penicillin, Ampicillin

Identify the error. Underline the incorrect word and write the correct statement.

1.    Chemical science ( Physical Science)

2.    Seventeenth century  (eighteenth century)

3.    Proton ( electron)

4.    Insecticides, (fertilisers)

5.    Combination( transformation)

6.    Paracetamol ( penicillin)

Choose the correct option.

1.    Physical     2. Gold           3. Antoine Lavoisier   4. Ammonium phosphate 5. All of these         6. Nylon

Match the following.

1.    C       2. E   3. A   4. F   5. B  6. D

Give reasons

1.     Science is the system of acquiring knowledge using observation and experimentation to describe and explain various natural processes around us. The application of science has improved our life greatly. New discoveries and inventions made our life comfortable. In that sense science is both a body of knowledge as well as a continuous ongoing process.

2.    The human activities performed in everyday life directly or indirectly depend on the applications of chemistry. Chemical processes take place to produce numerous useful substances. Chemistry helps us to understand ourselves as well as our environment. Food, clothing, shelter, medicines, hygiene, fertilisers, drugs and many more are gifts of chemistry. So chemistry plays a vital role in all aspects of life.

3.    Alchemists’ work contributed in laying the foundation for modern chemistry and medicines. Major concerns that form a part of modern science such as experimentation based on the scientific method, search of new elements and compounds and their applications in developing medicines were first addressed by alchemists.  So Alchemy is considered important as it made a significant contribution in the evolution of modern science.

4.    All cosmetics are made from combinations of various chemical ingredients. For example, lipsticks are made from a combination of oils, waxes, pigments or colours, and skin softeners. Hence the application of chemistry helps in the production of a number of cosmetic products.

Answer in short

1.    Alchemy aimed at finding ‘ philosopher’s stone ‘ which was considered a mythical and magical substance. It was believed that this substance would turn into gold on heating with a base of iron and copper.

2.    Mendeleev was the first scientist who formulated the ‘ Modern Periodic Table of elements’. He used this table to predict the existence and properties of new chemical elements.

3.    What is the use of fertilisers? Give examples.

Fertilisers are chemicals which provide nutrients required by crops for a proper growth. The use of fertilisers increases the yield. Ex : urea , sodium nitrate, potassium and ammonium phosphate.

4.    Sugar and salt are often used as preservatives because they help in preventing the growth of bacteria in food items.

5.    The raw materials are processed by physical or chemical methods into marketable food products. These food products are suitable for consumption, cooking or storage and are called processed food. Preservatives, vitamins and minerals are added to this for increasing their shell life and nutritional value. Ex: cheese, bread, jam, jelly, butter, snacks, soft drink, tinned food, meat products, yogurt etc.

6.    Cosmetics or beauty products are substances that enhance the appearance of external parts of human body. These cosmetics are used to cleanse, beautify or promote attractiveness without affecting the body’s structure or functions. Ex: skin cleansers, lotion, moisturisers, lipsticks, talcum powder, foundation, shampoo, hairstyling products, deodorants, perfume etc.

Explain the following terms.

1.    Chemistry : Chemistry is a branch of physical science that deals with the study of composition and properties of substances and how they react when combined with one another. It helps us understand the world in a better way and answer questions how things work.

2.    Alchemists : Alchemists were people who practised alchemy. These people were regarded as early chemists. Their work contributed in laying the foundation for modern chemistry and medicines and in the advancement of civilization.

3.    Preservatives : Chemicals used to preserve food and control the wastage of food are called preservatives. Ex: sodium benzoate, salt, sugar, vinegar, sorbic acid etc.

4.    Food processing: The process of transforming raw food materials by physical or chemical method into marketable food products is called food processing.

Differentiate between the following.

1.    Science is the system of acquiring knowledge using observation and experimentation to describe and explain various natural processes around us. It is both a body of knowledge as well as a continuous process.

Chemistry is a branch of physical science that deals with the study of composition and properties of substances, and how they react when combined with one another. It helps us understand the world in a better way.

2.        Insecticides are chemicals used to kill insects that affect the growth of crops. Ex: benzene hexachloride, DDT , carbaryl etc.

Pesticides are used by farmers to kill pests affecting crop production and growth of fruits. Ex: aldrin, malathion, parathion etc.

3.    Preservatives are chemicals used to preserve food and control its wastage. Ex : sodium benzoate, sugar, salt, vinegar etc.

Processed foods are food products suitable for consumption, cooking or storage which are made by transforming raw materials by physical or chemical method into marketable food products.

4.    Natural fibres are fibres which we get from nature directly and are used to produce various types of clothes. Ex: cotton, jute, wool and silk.

Synthetic fibres are artificial fibres which are also used to manufacture clothes. These fibres are strong, wrinkle resistant and they dry quickly. Ex: nylon, terylene etc. 

Answer in detail.

1.    Alchemy was an early philosophical and spiritual field of study that integrated chemistry with metalwork. Alchemy was scientific as well as spiritual. People who practised alchemy were known as alchemists.  Their work contributed in laying the foundation for modern chemistry and medicine and in the advancement of civilization. Alchemy aimed at finding ‘ philosopher’s stone ‘ which was considered a mythical and magical substance. It was believed that this substance would turn into gold on heating with a base of iron and copper. Alchemists performed various experiments with different metals and developed the processes  for the extraction of metals and alloys. Alchemy played a vital role in the development of chemistry.

2.    Antoine Lavoisier is considered as the father of modern chemistry. He had discovered the role of oxygen in combustion. He also gave the law of conservation of mass which states that mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. He also named oxygen and hydrogen.

Dmitri Mendeleev was the first scientist who formulated the modern table of elements. He used  the table to predict the existence and properties of new chemical elements. 

3.    Increase in population has led to increased demand for food .Development and application of new techniques has increased crop yield and provided ways to produce disease free crop. Following are the various applications of chemistry in the field of food and agriculture.

a.         Use of fertilisers increases the yield.

b.    Use of pesticides helps to kill the pests which affect the crop growth and production.

c.     Use of insecticides helps to kill insects hence increase the crop production.

d.    Fungicides also help to protect the crop from fungi.

e.    Various chemicals are used to preserve food and control its wastage.

f.      Different chemical methods are used in the field of food processing.

4.    Cosmetics are used to cleanse, beautify or promote attractiveness without affecting the body’s structure or functions. Chemistry plays a significant role in the development of cosmetics. All the cosmetics are made from combinations of various chemical ingredients. For example lipsticks are made from a combination of oils, waxes, pigments or colours and skin softeners called emollients.

5.    The knowledge of chemistry has helped us in discovering a vast range of new medicines. Drug discovery and development is driven by the knowledge of chemistry of various molecules and how they are associated with life processes. Advancement in healthcare has increased the average life expectancy of human beings. Therefore we can say that chemistry plays the most significant role in the development of drugs and pharmaceutical industry.

6.    Chemistry has contributed to the development of different industries. This led to the production of many useful materials such as plastics, alloys, synthetic rubber, synthetic fibres and textiles. Chemicals are used to make different products, which are required in our daily life, in various industries. The chemical industry is the most important industry. It produces a huge variety of products that are used by other industries.       

 CLASS VI    HINDI

CLASS VI    PUNJABI

CLASS VI    ENGLISH

Lesson 3: Kali wants to dance

Answers of crossword

Down: 1. Ballet; 2. Kathak; 3. Salsa; 5. Odissi Across: 2. Kathakali; 4. Flamenco; 6. Tango; 7.  Kuchipudi

Answers of in – text questions.

1.     Are you able to understand Kali’s situation here?  Why or why not?

Yes, we are able to understand Kali’s situation here because it is clear from the passage that Kali was confused to take a decision about his career.

2.     How did Kali’s story make you feel?

We are inspired by Kali’s story.

3.       Comprehension

1.     Full Name: Kali Veerapathiran

2.       Age: 25  

3.     Place of birth: Kovalam, Kerala

4.      Qualification: PG Diploma in Dance

5.      Profession: Professional Dancer

6.     Specialization: Bharatanatyam and three ancient Tamil folk dance forms 

7.     Achievements: The only male dancer to master Bharatanatyam, as well as three ancient Tamil folk dance forms

2. a. False; b. True; c. True; d. False; e. False

Reflect and answer

3.     In the struggling fishing village of Kovalam..........fought off villains.

What do these lines tell us about the people who are usually considered heroes in India? Is this a good definition of a hero?

In India, people consider someone a hero when he/she fights bad people and defeats them. This is very similar to what happens in the movies. No, I don’t think this is a good definition of a hero.

4.     Who has ever learnt dance and made ..........his friends tease him.

What do these lines tell us about people’s opinions of different professions? What do you think we can do to change these views?

These lines tell us that people have a fixed set of professions they consider respectable. If someone does anything besides these jobs, he/she is not given any respect. It can be changed by educating people about such professions and their benefits.

5.     Amma asks Kali what his heart wants. ......................for me , Amma, he replies.

What does this conversation tell us about Amma’s nature? What do we know about Kali’s relationship with her?

This conversation tells us that Amma has a kind, simple and accepting nature. It shows that Kali has a very nice and loving relationship with his mother as they both care for each other and simply want the other person to be happy.

6.     How did Kali evolve , both as a dancer and as a person, through the journey described in the lesson?

  Each time Kali thought of giving up dancing, Amma was there to reminds him that dancing made him the happiest. Kali evolved as a dancer due to his hard work. He soon becomes the only male dancer to master Bharatanatyam, as well as three ancient Tamil folk dance forms.

7.     A boy in your class loves to sew. The other students in the class tease him, including some of your closest friends. What do you do?

  I will encourage him to keep doing it. I will also tell my classmates to not make fun of him and let him do what he likes to do.

 Work with Words (Page 43) 1.  a. lose; b. council; c. accept; d. effect;

 e. dessert; f. principal, advice

2. a. their; b. There; c. They’re; d. their; e. there 

CLASS VI    ENGLISH

                                                                               Lesson2: Dear Mrs Naidu

 Comprehension (Page 26)

1. a. i; b. iii; c. i

 2. Why does Sarojini say that she would not have been able to fight against the Britishers?

Sarojini says that she would not have been able to fight against the Britishers because they had a lot of spies and detectives.

3. Why had Sarojini Naidu locked herself in a room for a whole day?

Sarojini Naidu locked herself in a room for a whole day because her parents wanted her to speak English instead of Bengali but she disagreed wither parents.

  Reference to context

4.  Who is ‘she ’ in these lines?

  Sarojini’s new teacher, Annie Miss is ‘she’ in these lines.

b. Does Sarojini seem to agree with the opinion that memorizing things makes you a parrot?

No, Sarojini doesn’t seem to agree with the opinion.

c. What do you understand by growing one’s heart?

Growing one’s heart means being compassionate and nice to others.

5. a. Who is writing these lines? Whom are the lines addressed to?

Sarojini is writing these lines. The lines are addressed to Sarojini Naidu.

b. What is the writer referring to when she says ‘that was rude’?

By saying ‘that was rude’,  the writer means it is rude to call someone being dead.

c. What can you say about the writer based on the way she has rewritten her words?

Based on the way she has rewritten her words I can say that the writer is innocent, respectful and extremely curious.

6. a. Which story is being referred to here?

The story of a young Sarojini Naidu locking herself in a room because she disagreed with her parents is being referred to here.

b.  What can we understand about Sarojini’s life at home from this sentence?

From this sentence, we understand that Sarojini’s life at home was limited to one room where she stayed with her mother.

Reflect and write

 7.   What have you learnt about Sarojini’s view of adults?

Sarojini thinks of adults as people who do not like being asked questions. 

 8. after reading the lesson, would you say that Sarojini and Mrs Naidu might have more in common than just their names? Why or why not?

No, I do not think that Sarojini and Mrs Naidu had anything in common except their names. I think so because Mrs Naidu used to fight for things she considered right and had a very comfortable life while growing up. She was also well-read and exceptionally talented.

 9. a. Yes; b. No; c. Yes; d. No;

 e. Do you agree that Mrs Naidu’s actions were brave? Is there a way to talk about certain issues in a calm manner to bridge this gap?

No, I do not agree that Mrs Naidu’s actions were brave.  Yes, there are ways to talk to others and solve problems in a calm manner.

 Work with Words

 (Page 28) 1.  useless conclude confused detective common freedom strangers childhood assignment memorize disagree introduce

2.  a. street;   b. Celsius;   c. Bachelor of Arts;   d. as soon as possible;    e. estimated time of arrival

3. a. e.g.;    b. kgs;    c. Dr;     d. Fri, 25 Jan;     e. PM

CLASS VI : COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

Chapter 1 : Computer story

Note: Read lesson very carefully many times and solve : Activity, Multiple choice questions, True / False, Fill in the blanks and all abbreviations.

Answer the following

1.       Name the components used in every generation of computers.

First Generation (1940 – 1956)                  - Vacuum Tube

Second Generation (1957 – 1963)              - Transistors

Third Generation (1964 – 1971)                 - Integrated Circuits

Fourth Generation  (1972 – present)      - Micro-processor

Fifth Generation (present & beyond)       - Artificial Intelligence

2.      Write a note on microcomputers.

Microcomputers are also called personal computers (PCs).  These are small low cost computers whose CPU is a microprocessor integrated on a single circuit chip.  Desktop computers, Laptop computers, Palm top computers, Tablet PCs, High end mobile phones etc. are examples of microcomputers.

3.      What is a workstation?

A workstation is a computer dedicated to a user or group of users engaged in business or professional work. It includes one or more high resolution displays ( for CAD / CAM) and a faster processor than a personal computer. A workstation also has greater multitasking capability because of additional random access memory, drives and drive capacity.

(Note: CAD – Computer Aided Design,  CAM – Computer Aided Manufacturing.  In medical term CAD stands for  Coronary Artery Disease)

4.      For what purpose are supercomputers used?

Supercomputers are used for calculation-intensive tasks such as weather forecasting, climate research, physical simulations, nuclear energy research, missile development, petroleum exploration  etc.

5.      What is parallel processing?

Parallel processing refers to the simultaneous use of more than one CPU to execute a complicated program.  In parallel processing the entire program is divided into different modules and executed by different CPUs simultaneously.

6.      Which operations are common for all types of computers? Explain with a diagram.

Input – process – output,  is the basic working principle of all types of computers. 

7.      Which is the unit in a computer that performs calculations and decision making?

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) performs all the arithmetic operations and logic operations in a computer system.  It is one of the main units of CPU and is housed in the Microprocessor chip.

8.     What is the function of control unit ?

The control unit maintains order within the computer system and directs the flow of data.  It selects one program statement from the storage area, interprets it and sends to the ALU and storage unit after execution. 

1.       Write a note on Computer memory

Computer memory is the storage space in the computer, where data is to be processed and instructions required for processing are stored. The memory is divided into large number of small parts called cells. Each location or cell has a unique address, which varies from zero to memory size minus one.

2.      What do you mean by output unit?

The output unit accepts the results and messages produced by the computer, decode it into human readable form and display, print or store as directed.  Monitor, printer, plotter, storage drives etc. are examples of output devices.

3.      What are the classification of computers based on size and speed?

Based on size and speed computers are classified into four.  Micro Computers, Mini Computers,  Mainframe Computers and Super Computers.

4.      Write a note on Mini Computers

Mini Computers are the intermediate computers between Micro and Mainframe Computers.  Now a days these are referred to as mid-range servers.  It is a multiprocessing system capable of supporting upto 250 user terminals simultaneously.

5.      In what and when Ms. Shakuntla Devi did defeat a computer?

The Math Wizard Ms. Shakuntla Devi defeated a computer  by 10 minutes in the calculation of 23^rd root of a 201 digit number.  She did it in 50 seconds in 1977.

6.      What is multiprocessing?

Multiprocessing is the use of two or more central processing units (CPUs) within a single computer system. The term also refers to the ability of a system to support more than one processor or the ability to allocate tasks between them.

7.      What is parallel processing?

Parallel processing is a type of computation in which many calculations or the execution of processes are carried out simultaneously. Large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which can then be solved at the same time.

8.     What is VLSI?

VLSI stands for Very Large Scale Integration which means integration of thousands of transistors into a single chip.  VLSI began in the 1970s when complex semiconductor and communication technologies were being developed. The microprocessor is a VLSI device.

9.      Name some First Generation Computers.

UNIVAC, ENIAC, IBM-701, IBM-650 are some of the First Generation Computers.

10.  Name some Second Generation computers.

IBM 7090, IBM 7094, UNIVAC 1108

11.    IBM 370 belongs to which generation?

IBM 370 belongs to Third Generation Computers.

12.   Name the first  Indian Super Computer.  Who built it?

PARAM is the first Indian Super Computer.  It was developed by C-DAC (Centre for Development of Advanced Computing)

13.    Full-Forms

(a)  UNIVAC               Universal Automatic Computer

(b)  ENIAC                  Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

(c)   IBM                       International Business Machines

(d)  IC                          Integrated Circuit

(e)  VLSI                      Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit

(f)    VVLSI                   Very Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit

(g)  CAD                      Computer Aided Design

(h) CAM                     Computer Aided Manufacturing

(i)    CAL                       Computer Aided Learning

(j)    CU                        Control Unit

(k)  ALU                      Arithmetic Logic Unit

(l)    MU                        Memory Unit

(m)           C-DAC            Centre for Development of Advanced Computing.

(n) CPU                      Central Processing Unit

CLASS VI    ENGLISH

Lesson 1: Why I don’t wear earrings

Comprehension:

Q 2: Why did Malala like to play with her plastic mobile phone?

 Malala’s father was always talking on his mobile, and she loved to copy him and pretend to make calls on hers. So she liked to play with her plastic mobile phone.

Q 3: Why is Malala’s mother ‘unmoved’ by her explanation for stealing from Safina? 

 Malala’s mother is unmoved by her explanation for stealing from Safina because she believed that Malala should have set an example by not doing the same and teaching Safina a lesson in a better way.

Reference to context

Soon it became a compulsion. I did not know how to stop.

a.     Who is ‘I’ in these lines?

‘I’ in these lines is Malala.

b. What became a compulsion for the speaker? Why? 

Stealing things from Safina’s house became a compulsion for the speaker because it gave her a thrill.

c. Which incident finally made her stop?

  When Malala’s mother found all the stolen things in her cupboard, Malala stopped stealing.

‘They knew you were stealing,’ she said. ‘They were waiting for you to come clean but you just kept on.’

a. Who is ‘she’ in the first paragraph? Who is ’I’ in the second paragraph? 

 Malala’s cousin Reena is ‘she’ in the first paragraph. ‘I ‘ in the second paragraph is Malala.

 b. What does it mean to have a sinking feeling?

To have a sinking feeling means to feel uneasy.

c.What does the phrase ‘to come clean’ mean?

 To come clean means to keep nothing hidden.

Reflect and answer

1.  What is the importance of Malala’s father in her life? Point to the parts of lesson which make you say that?

  Malala looked up to her father. She wanted him to be proud of her. He also knew how to make her feel guilty for her mistakes so she wouldn’t repeat them. The part where he went and bought the whole lot of almonds from a cart owner and put them in glass dish makes me say that. 

2. List  the characteristics of a memoir, based on Malala’s style of writing?

The following are some characteristics of a memoir based on Malala’s writing:

  • It shows the relationship between the writer and other people.

 • It includes stories from past with great details and the feelings at the time of the incident.

 • It always uses first-person narrative.

 •  It usually teaches the reader some important values about life.

3.  I think everyone makes a mistake at least once in their life..... Do you agree   with this statement? Support your answer with example.

Yes, I agree with this statement.  Once I went to my friend’s house for a party without informing my parents.  My parents thought that I would have been studying in my room.  When they could not find me anywhere in the house, they got panicked.  All the members of my family and neighbours formed into different search teams and in the mean time somebody informed the Police too. When I returned, I understood the seriousness of my mistake of going out without telling anybody.

Study Materials for Nursery  to VIII